Isazi sezibalo samaGrike uAlkutas sakha sachaza umgaqo wezikrufu, izikrufu kunye nezikrufu.Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, amazwe eMeditera aye aqalisa ukusebenzisa izikrufu zomthi, izikrufu nezikrufu kwizikrufu, ezinokucofa ioli yomnquma kwioli yomnquma, okanye ukukhupha incindi yeediliya ukwenza iwayini.Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, izikrufu zentsimbi, izikrufu, nezikrufu zazingafane zisetyenziswe njengeziqhoboshi eYurophu.
I-Rybczynski (i-Rybczynski) ibonise ukuba i-screwdrivers ebanjwe ngesandla, i-screwdrivers ikhona kwi-Middle Ages (kwi-1580 AD yakutshanje), kodwa akuzange kube yinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ukuba basebenzisane kunye nokuthengiswa kweefasteners ezinentambo kwaye baqala ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
Ngaphambi kokuba iziqhoboshi ezinentambo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi, bekukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuqhobosha.Ubukhulu becala inxulumene nokusebenza ngamaplanga kunye nokwenza, kunokuba kusetyenzwe ngoomatshini.Iikhonsepthi ezisetyenzisiweyo zinje ngeedowels kunye nezikhonkwane, iiweji, ii-mortises, ii-dovetails, iinzipho, i-forging kunye ne-welding, kunye nezinye ezibotshelelwe kunye nesikhumba okanye ifayibha.Ngaphambi kombindi wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, izikhonkwane zecotter, iibholiti zepin okanye iirivets zazisetyenziselwa ukwakha iinqanawa.Ngelo xesha, izinto zokuncamathelisa zazikho, kodwa zazingekho zininzi njengakumaxesha anamhlanje.
Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, kwakukho izixhobo zoomatshini ezinokuvelisa izikrufu, izikrufu kunye nezikrufu.Izikrufu zentsimbi, izikrufu, nezikrufu zaba ziziqhoboshi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.Le teknoloji yaphuhliswa kwi-1760 kunye ne-1770s, ilandela iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.Indlela, kodwa idityaniswe ngokukhawuleza: izikrufu zomthi, izikrufu, izikrufu (izikrufu zetsimbi, izikrufu, izikrufu ezisetyenziselwa ukulungisa iinkuni) zicutshungulwa ngenjongo enye, izixhobo zoomatshini abavelisa isivuno esikhulu, kunye nomthamo ophantsi, imveliso yokungunda kwivenkile yeV. , izikrufu, izikrufu, unokukhetha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeepitshi ezahlukeneyo.
Indlela yokuqala yenkqubo ekhankanywe ngasentla yacetywa kuqala ngubhuti uYobhi kunye noWilliam Wyatt base-Staffordshire, eNgilani.Bafake isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ngo-1760, enokuthiwa sisikruru kakhulu.I-screw, inguqulo yokuqala yomshini wokujija, isebenzisa isikrufu sokukhokela ukukhokela i-blade yokusika ukuvelisa i-pitch efunekayo.I-screw groove iveliswa yifayile ejikelezayo, kwaye i-spindle yayimi ngelo xesha.Kwade kwangowe-1776 apho bakha isikrufu sokuqala sokwenza amaplanga, isikrufu, nesikrufu somzi-mveliso, baza baqalisa ukusebenza.Ishishini labo latshona, kodwa umsebenzi womnini omtsha waba ngcono.Ngeminyaka yoo-1780, izikrufu, izikrufu, nezikrufu ezingama-16,000 zaveliswa ngosuku, zifuna abasebenzi abangama-30 kuphela.Imveliso kunye nemveliso yale mveliso yemizi-mveliso yimigangatho yangoku yoshishino, kodwa yayiyinguqu eyimpumelelo.
Kwangaxeshanye, umenzi wezixhobo waseBritane uJesse Ramsdon (1735–1800) naye wayezixakekise nomsebenzi wesixhobo sokufa, kwaye wadibana nengxaki yesikrufu, isikrufu, isikrufu sokusika.Ngo-1777, wenza umatshini wokuqala owanelisayo.Screw lathe.Injineli yaseBritane uHenry Mozley (1771–1831) wayedume ngokusasaza obu bugcisa ngezikrufu zakhe.Iilatha zesijivu ezisetyenzisiweyo yayiyi-1797 kunye ne-1800 lathes, kubandakanywa izikrufu zelothe, izitulo zokutyibilika, kunye nezixhobo eziguquguqukayo.Iiseti zezixhobo ziyimilinganiselo esemgangathweni kwimveliso yamashishini.Wadibanisa iindlela zokuvelisa izikrufu, izikrufu, nezikrufu ngabakwaWhitney Brothers kunye noRamsdon, kwaye wasebenzisa iindlela esele zisekuvelisweni kwezikrufu, izikrufu, izikrufu, izikrufu, izikrufu, nezikrufu, ezavuselela urhwebo lwezikrufu. imveliso.Inkampani yakhe iselona phawu luphambili lwezixhobo zoomatshini kwiminyaka elishumi kamva.Injineli yaseSkotlani uJames Nasmith wayichaza kakubi into yokuba uMozley "wayila" isitulo esityibilikayo.Oku bekungalunganga.UMozley wenza ukuba i-lathe yaziwe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-06-2021